@jartigag No.
Integers are Immutable.
With:
b += 1
you are doing:
b = 2 + 1
This is creating a new reference.
The trick here you need to remember is the = in python doesn't work as in other languages. The = creates a new reference and binds it to the name in the left. So you are creating a reference to the result of 2+1, which is 3.
So: b = 3 is removing the previous reference to a[1] and changing it to a 3 in the memory.
Remember this!
PS: Same happens with tuples they are Immutable.